Abstract The quality and production of the vine depend on the climate; therefore, changes in it can affect its sustainability. For Chile, an increase of at least 1 °C in temperatures in the Central Valley has been projected, which can directly affect the ripening process of vines, accelerating the accumulation of sugars, affecting organic acids, and decreasing phenolic compounds, which translates into an imbalance of ripening. Considering this, to ensure the sustainability of viticulture in the face of climate change, management alternatives that allow optimal ripening in the face of changing climatic conditions are sought. One of these alternatives is late pruning. Late pruning proposes to delay the pruning dates after bud break and before flowering, eliminating the reserves already mobilized in the plant, thus generating a phenological delay. This delay in growth would allow for less accelerated ripening. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, three pruning dates: traditional pruning (TP), pruning at bud break (BP), and pruning in 2-3 leaves (LP), were evaluated in a commercial vineyard of the cv Cabernet Sauvignon in the Central Valley during the 2020-2021 season. The preliminary results of this study show positive expectations of this technique, delaying the phenology of the crop and the harvest dates. However, this seems to depend on the phenological moment where late pruning is performed and the varietal characteristics. The BP presented a delay of the harvest time of six days without affecting the production or the initial quality of the berries. Likewise, the LP affected the set of bunches and did not delay the harvest. The results showed that it is possible to delay harvest dates; nevertheless, it is relevant to consider other variables such as variety, phenological moment, soil, and climate.

Resumen La calidad y producción de la vid dependen del clima; por lo tanto, los cambios en éste pueden afectar su sustentabilidad. Para Chile, se ha proyectado un incremento de las temperaturas en el Valle Central de al menos 1 ºC, lo que puede afectar directamente el proceso de maduración de vid, acelerando la acumulación de azúcares, afectando los ácidos orgánicos y disminuye los compuestos fenólicos, lo que se traduce en un desequilibro de la maduración. Considerando esto, para asegurar la sustentabilidad de la viticultura frente al cambio climático, se buscan alternativas de manejo que permitan una óptima maduración frente a las condiciones climáticas cambiantes. Una de estas alternativas es la poda tardía. La poda tardía, propone retrasar las fechas de poda posterior a la brotación y previo a la floración, eliminando las reservas ya movilizadas en la planta, generando con esto un retraso fenológico. Este retraso en el crecimiento permitiría una maduración menos acelerada. Para evaluar la efectividad de esta técnica, durante la temporada 2020-2021 en un viñedo comercial del cv Cabernet Sauvingnon en el Valle Central se evaluaron tres fechas de poda: poda tradicional (PT), poda en brotación (PB) y poda en 2-3 hojas (PH). Los resultados preliminares de este estudio, muestra expectativas positivas de esta técnica retrasando la fenología del cultivo y las fechas de cosecha. Sin embargo, esto parece depender del momento fenológico donde se realiza la poda tardía y las características varietales. La PB presentó un retraso del momento de cosecha de seis días, sin afectar la producción o la calidad inicial de las bayas. Asimismo, el PH afectó el cuajado de los racimos y no retrasó la cosecha. Los resultados mostraron que es posible retrasar las fechas de cosecha; sin embargo, es relevante considerar otras variables como la variedad, momento fenológico, suelo y clima.

RESUMEN La enfermedad diverticular colónica es la presencia de un divertículo no inflamado en el colon. Se considera una enfermedad común, que se caracteriza por la formación de divertículos falsos en la pared colónica en los puntos de debilidad de esta. Su prevalencia aumenta con la edad y una minoría de los pacientes afectados por esta entidad desarrollará un cuadro de diverticulitis aguda. Sus complicaciones abarcan desde un absceso o flegmón, pasa por la formación de fístulas hasta la obstrucción intestinal y peritonitis. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de un hemoperitoneo espontáneo secundario a una enfermedad diverticular aguda es una forma de presentación inusual y, por tanto, poco reportado en la literatura. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con hemoperitoneo secundario a la perforación diverticular colónica.

SUMMARY Colonic diverticular disease is the term to describe the presence of an uninflamed diverticulum of the colon. It is considered a common disease, characterized by the formation of false diverticula in the colonic wall at points of weakness of that, its prevalence increases with age and a minority of patients affected by this disease develops acute diverticulitis. Its complications range from abscess or phlegmon, fistula formation, to intestinal obstruction and peritonitis. However, the development of spontaneous hemoperitoneum secondary to acute diverticular disease is an unusual form of presentation and therefore scarcely reported in the literature. Here is presented a case with a hemoperitoneum secondary to colonic diverticular perforation.

RESUMEN La endometriosis es una enfermedad benigna definida como la implantación y proliferación extrauterinas de tejido similar al endometrio (glandular y estroma), lo que causa una respuesta inflamatoria crónica y adherencias que distorsionan la anatomía. El compromiso extragonadal es raro, pero los informes de endometriosis intestinal han aumentado de forma sustancial; los sitios afectados principalmente son el colon sigmoides y el recto; el compromiso aislado del ciego es raro y lo es aún más en una mujer posmenopáusica sin uso de terapia de reemplazo hormonal. Presentamos el caso de una mujer posmenopáusica con una obstrucción intestinal sugestiva quirúrgicamente de neoplasia del ciego, pero cuyo examen patológico reveló endometriosis.

SUMMARY Endometriosis is a benign disease defined as the extra-uterine implantation and proliferation of tissue similar to endometrium (glands and stroma), causing a chronic inflammatory response and adhesions that distort anatomy. The extra-gonadal involvement is rare, but reports of intestinal endometriosis have increased substantially, mainly affecting the sigmoid colon and rectum; isolated involvement of the cecum is rare, even more so in a postmenopausal woman without use of hormone replacement therapy. We report the case of a postmenopausal woman with intestinal obstruction surgically suggestive of malignancy; however, pathological examination revealed endometriosis.

RESUMO Endometriose no ceco de uma mulher pósmenopáusica. Reporte do caso e revisão da literatura A endometriose é uma doença benigna definida como a implantação e proliferação extrauterinas de tecido similar ao endométrio (glandular e estroma), o que causa uma resposta inflamatória crónica e aderências que distorciam a anatomia. O compromisso extragonadal es raro, mas os relatórios de endometriose intestinal há aumentado de forma substancial; os lugares afetados principalmente são o colón sigmoides e o ânus; o compromisso isolado do ceco é raro e ainda mais numa mulher pós-menopáusica sem uso de terapia de substituição hormonal. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher pós-menopáusica com uma obstrução intestinal sugestiva cirurgicamente de neoplasia do ciego, mas cujo exame patológico revelou endometriose.

In order to understand the relation between chemical composition, microscopic structure and enzymatic digestibility, different Eucalyptus globulus wood pretreated samples were examined. Pretreated materials obtained by steam explosion and autohydrolysis were compared with those obtained by organosolv and kraft processes. Chemical analyses of pretreated materials showed a decrease in the content of xylans, except in the kraft pulp. FT-IR spectra showed that the residual lignin in autohydrolysis pulp had experienced greater changes compared to those in steam explosion and organosolv pulps, whereas minor changes in lignin kraft pulp were observed. The fiber morphology indicated that autohydrolysis pretreatment was the most aggressive treatment. Reduction in the content of lignin and its redistribution on the fiber wall were confirmed through confocal laser microscopy. The formation of discrete lignin droplets deposited on the surface of the fibers was observed in all pretreatments, with a higher frequency in organosolv followed by steam explosion. A significant increase in enzymatic accessibility was achieved in organosolv, autohydrolysis and steam explosion pulps, due to xylans removal combined with lignin redistribution. Homogeneous lignin distribution and higher xylan content may be related to the low enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency in kraft pulp.

RESUMEN El tumor sólido pseudopapilar es una neoplasia pancreática infrecuente, pero los informes sobre ella han aumentado en las últimas dos décadas; es más frecuente en mujeres jóvenes en la segunda y tercera décadas de la vida y tiene riesgo de transformación maligna. Su tratamiento es la resección pancreática. En la actualidad, la pancreatectomía laparoscópica es el procedimiento asociado a menos morbilidad posoperatoria en comparación con la pancreatectomía abierta; usualmente este procedimiento se acompaña de esplenectomía debido a las dificultades anatómicas en la disección de los vasos esplénicos, pero la resección del bazo tiene implicaciones en la fisiología inmunológica por lo que su preservación conlleva una disminución de la morbilidad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con un tumor sólido pseudopapilar a quien se le hizo pancreatectomía distal por laparoscopia con preservación del bazo; el resultado fue exitoso.

SUMMARY Solid pseudopapillary tumor is an infrequent pancreatic neoplasia, but reports about it have increased in the last two decades. It is more frequent in women in the second and third decades of life. It has the potential of malignant transformation. Treatment is surgical resection. Presently, laparoscopic pancreatectomy is the procedure associated with lesser post-operatory morbidity, as compared to open pancreatectomy. The procedure is usually accompanied by splenectomy due to anatomical difficulties in the dissection of the splenic vessels. However, splenectomy has immunological implications, and preservation of the spleen associates with lower morbidity. We report the case of a young woman with a solid pseudopapillary pancreatic tumor treated by distal laparoscopic pancreatectomy with preservation of the spleen. Outcome was successful.

RESUMO O tumor sólido pseudopapilar é uma neoplasia pancreática infrequente, mas os informes sobre ela há aumentado nas últimas duas décadas; é mais frequente nas mulheres jovens na segunda e terceira décadas da vida e tem risco de transformação maligna. Seu tratamento é a ressecção pancreática. Na atualidade, a pancreatectomia laparoscópica é o procedimento associado a pelo menos morbidez pós-operatória em comparação com a pancreatectomia aberta; usualmente este procedimento se acompanha de esplenectomia devido às dificuldades anatómicas na dissecção dos vasos esplénicos, mas a ressecção do baço tem implicações na fisiologia imunológica porque sua preservação implica uma diminuição da morbidez. Se apresenta o caso de uma paciente jovem com um tumor sólido pseudopapilar a quem se fez pancreatectomia distal por laparoscopia com preservação do baço; o resultado teve sucesso.

RESUMO Etanol celulósico é um dos mais importantes produtos biotecnológicos para reduzir o consumo de combustíveis fósseis e a aumentar a utilização de recursos renováveis para combustíveis e produtos químicos. Culturas lenhosas de curta rotação (CLCR) têm sido propostas como a mais promissora matéria prima para produção de etanol celulósico, devido às suas várias vantagens sobre culturas tradicionais. Para analisar o potencial de culturas para produção de bioetanol lignocelulósicos no Chile, CLCR foram estabelecidos com as seguintes espécies: Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus e Eucalyptus nitens. Estas culturas foram estabelecidas em dois ambientes contrastantes e em três densidades de plantio. O rendimento teórico médio de etanol em 48 meses atingiu 395,9 L.t-1 para A. melanoxylon, 348,7 L.t-1 para E. camaldulensis e 363,9 L.t-1 para E. nitens. Foi concluído que existem diferenças significativas no rendimento de polissacarídeos entre as espécies e o tempo. Por outro lado, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre ambientes. Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que a escolha da espécie usada na CLCR como fonte de polissacarídeos deve levar em conta sua percentagem na biomassa e, crucialmente, a espécie, densidade de plantio, ciclo de colheita e sítio devem ser cuidadosamente selecionados para garantir um rendimento elevado de biomassa por unidade de área.

ABSTRACT Cellulosic ethanol is one of the most important biotechnological products to mitigate the consumption of fossil fuels and to increase the use of renewable resources for fuels and chemicals. Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) have been proposed as the most promising raw material for cellulosic ethanol production, as a result of its several advantages over traditional crops. In order to analyze the potential as crops for lignocellulosic bioethanol production in Chile, SRWC were established with the following species: Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. These crops were established in two contrasting environments and in three plantation densities. The average theoretical ethanol yield at 48 months reached 395.9 L.t-1 for A. melanoxylon, 348.7 L.t-1 for E. camaldulensis, and 363.9 L t-1 for E. nitens. It can be concluded that there are significant differences in polysaccharides yield between species and time. On the other hand, significant differences were found between environments. In conclusion, this study has shown that the choice of SRWC species used as a source of polysaccharides must take into account the percentage content in biomass and, crucially, the species, planting density, harvest cycle and site must be carefully selected to ensure a high biomass yield per unit area.

Este artículo es producto del proyecto de investigación denominado Ciudadanía y representaciones sociales de la política en jóvenes que participan en organizaciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales de Villavicencio. Se desarrolla una revisión de los antecedentes de la literatura que dan cuenta de la categoría central de la investigación, la ciudadanía juvenil, con el propósito de identificar y contrastar las posturas que presentan diferentes autores, en un intento por lograr la inclusión de diversos actores y prácticas en lo concerniente a la ciudadanía y a las formas de participación en sus expresiones juveniles, en consonancia con el aporte significativo que representan estos actores para la sociedad. Asimismo, permite caracterizar las particularidades de la participación ciudadana juvenil, su forma de asumir tal compromiso con la sociedad a la que pertenece, las dificultades que enfrenta para ejercer su rol, los temas que movilizan sus esfuerzos y su forma de concebir el sistema.

The present article is the product of a research project entitled Citizenship and social representations of politics in young people participating in social, political, economic and cultural organizations in Villavicencio. It is developed in the context of a literature review that accounts for the central category of youth citizenship, in order to identify and contrast the positions that have different authors in an attempt to get the inclusion of several actors and practices with regard to citizenship and forms of youth participation in expressions, consistent with the significant contribution of these actors with society. It also allows us to characterize the peculiarities of youth public participation, how they take such a commitment with the society to which they belong, the difficulties they face in exercising their role, the issues that mobilize their efforts and their way of conceiving the system.

Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) has been recognized as potential raw for bioethanol production. To facility LB bioconversion a pretreatment is applied, followed by simultaneous or separated saccharification and fermentation (SSF or SHF, respectively) steps. Characterization of pretreated materials, needed to evaluate their ethanol yields, involves laborious and destructive methodologies. Therefore, saccharification is also time consuming and expensive step and some pretreated samples have not suitable characteristics to obtain high ethanol yields. Since bioethanol production aims to be a multivariable process respect to lignocellulosic resources, this work attempts to use NIR spectroscopy as alternative to wet chemical analysis to characterize samples from multiple pretreatments and lignocellulosic resources simultaneously and estimate their ethanol yield after a SSF process using multivariate calibration. Selection of suitable samples to obtain high ethanol yields using a classification method is also evaluated. Partial least squares (PLS) and discriminant partial least squares (PLS-DA) were used as calibration and classification techniques, respectively. Results showed ability of NIR spectroscopy to predict the chemical composition of samples and their ethanol yields, even if different lignocellulosic materials were used in the models, with low prediction errors and high correlation coefficients with reference methods (r>0,96) in PLS models and low misclassification rates (20- 30%) in classification models. Use of these models could facility the fast selection of high number of samples with suitable characteristics to obtain high ethanol yields and as predictive tool of these ethanol yields after a SSF process under controlled conditions.

Introducción: la desnutrición afecta principalmente a los niños menores de cinco años. El Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF) desarrolla, entre otros, algunos programas que buscan impactar positivamente en el estado nutricional de los menores de cinco años. Objetivo: describir el estado nutricional (según indicadores antropométricos), hematológico y parasitario de dos grupos de niños de los programas de Hogares Comunitarios (HC) y Desayunos Infantiles (DI) pertenecientes al ICBF en el centro zonal 4 de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte en 164 menores de cinco años. Los datos se recolectaron mediante encuestas, peso corporal de los niños, estatura/longitud y toma de sangre y análisis coprológico. Resultados: 47,1% de la muestra eran niños, con edad promedio de tres años; 56,6% de los menores pertenecían al estrato 1, mayormente entre los niños de HC. El promedio del peso corporal fue 14,4 kg, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos; 45% de los niños presentaron riesgo de desnutrición crónica, global el 32% de los menores y aguda el 14%, sin diferencias entre los dos grupos. De acuerdo a lo esperado para la edad el 21% de los menores tenía disminución de la hemoglobina y 11% del hematocrito. En la comparación de los grupos no hubo diferencias significativas de los parámetros hematológicos. En el 66,7% de los niños se encontraron parásitos intestinales, principalmente Giardia lamblia. Conclusión: se encontró un importante porcentaje de niños con desnutrición y anemia, que refleja la necesidad de fortalecer tanto los programas, como la educación de los menores y las familias, así como las condiciones sociales y económicas, los cuales influyen en la salud de la población evaluada y en su estado nutricional.

Malnutrition is a condition affecting mostly children younger than five years. ICBF supports many nutritional programs, which is trying to improve the nutritional status for children younger than 5 five years. Objective: describe nutritional status related to a hematological condition and parasitic infections in two groups of children participating in programs such as the ''Hogares comunitarios'' (HC) and ''Desayunos Infantiles'' (DI) supported by the ICBF in zone 1 Medellin-Colombia. Methods: it is a cross-sectional study, 164 children were recruted, data was collected, applying questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and evaluating blood and stool samples. Results: 47,1% of the subjects were boys, mean age was 3 years, 56,6% of the children were in the lowest social economic level, mainly children participating in HC program. The average for weight was 14,4kg, no statistical significant differences between groups were found, but 45% of the children classified for chronic malnutrition risk, 32% for global malnutrition and 14% for acute malnutrition. According to the age 21% of the population studied had low hemoglobin level and 11% has low hematocrit level. No significant statistics between groups for hematological markers were found. Parasitic infection was present in 67%, they were mainly infected by Giardia lamblia. Conclusion: malnutrition and anemia was prevalent in this population. It is necessary to encourage and support programs that should benefit children and their families, improving education and social economic conditions could help to improve their nutritional status.